A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Vitamin A helps in vision, bone growth, reproduction, growth of epithelium (cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body), and fighting infections. It is fat-soluble (can dissolve in fats and oils). Vitamin A is found in liver, egg yolks, and whole milk dairy products from animals and in fish oils. It can also be made in the body from a substance found in some fruits and vegetables, such as cantaloupes, carrots, spinach, and sweet potatoes. Vitamin A is being studied in the prevention and treatment of some types of cancer. Also called retinol.

NIH National Cancer Institute, https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/vitamin-a

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble nutrient found in some foods. In the body, it acts as an antioxidant, helping to protect cells from the damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are compounds formed when our bodies convert the food we eat into energy. People are also exposed to free radicals in the environment from cigarette smoke, air pollution, and ultraviolet light from the sun.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-Consumer/

Vitamin D is a nutrient you need for good health. It helps your body absorb calcium, one of the main building blocks for strong bones. Together with calcium, vitamin D helps protect you from developing osteoporosis, a disease that thins and weakens the bones and makes them more likely to break. Your body needs vitamin D for other functions too. Your muscles need it to move, and your nerves need it to carry messages between your brain and your body. Your immune system needs vitamin D to fight off invading bacteria and viruses.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-Consumer/

Vitamin E is a nutrient that's important to vision, reproduction, and the health of your blood, brain and skin. Vitamin E also has antioxidant properties. Antioxidants are substances that might protect your cells against the effects of free radicals - molecules produced when your body breaks down food or is exposed to tobacco smoke and radiation. Free radicals might play a role in heart disease, cancer and other diseases. If you take vitamin E for its antioxidant properties, keep in mind that the supplement might not offer the same benefits as naturally occurring antioxidants in food.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements-vitamin-e/art-20364144

Vitamin B1, thiamin, or thiamine, enables the body to use carbohydrates as energy. It is essential for glucose metabolism, and it plays a key role in nerve, muscle, and heart function.

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/219545

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Riboflavin (also called vitamin B₂) is important for the growth, development, and function of the cells in your body. It also helps turn the food you eat into the energy you need.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Riboflavin-Consumer/

Niacin (also called vitamin B3) helps turn the food you eat into the energy you need. Niacin is important for the development and function of the cells in your body.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Niacin-Consumer/

Vitamin B6 is a vitamin that is naturally present in many foods. The body needs vitamin B6 for more than 100 enzyme reactions involved in metabolism. Vitamin B6 is also involved in brain development during pregnancy and infancy as well as immune function.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB6-Consumer/

Folate is a B-vitamin that is naturally present in many foods. Your body needs folate to make DNA and other genetic material. Your body also needs folate for your cells to divide. A form of folate, called folic acid, is used in fortified foods and most dietary supplements.

Vitamin B₁₂ is a nutrient that helps keep your body's blood and nerve cells healthy and helps make DNA, the genetic material in all of your cells. Vitamin B₁₂ also helps prevent megaloblastic anemia, a blood condition that makes people tired and weak.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-Consumer/

Biotin is a B-vitamin found in many foods. Biotin helps turn the carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the food you eat into the energy you need.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Biotin-Consumer/

Pantothenic acid (also called vitamin B₅) helps turn the food you eat into the energy you need. It's important for many functions in the body, especially making and breaking down fats.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/PantothenicAcid-Consumer/

Choline is a nutrient that is found in many foods. Your brain and nervous system need it to regulate memory, mood, muscle control, and other functions. You also need choline to form the membranes that surround your body's cells. You can make a small amount of choline in your liver, but most of the choline in your body comes from the food you eat.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Choline-Consumer/

Calcium is a mineral found in many foods. The body needs calcium to maintain strong bones and to carry out many important functions. Almost all calcium is stored in bones and teeth, where it supports their structure and hardness.

National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements

Phosphorus is a mineral contained in each cell in our body. Most phosphorus is in the bones and teeth, and some is in your genes. Your body needs phosphorus to make energy and to carry out many important chemical processes.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Phosphorus-Consumer/

Iodine is a mineral found in some foods. The body needs iodine to make thyroid hormones. These hormones control the body's metabolism and many other important functions. The body also needs thyroid hormones for proper bone and brain development during pregnancy and infancy. Getting enough iodine is important for everyone, especially infants and women who are pregnant.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iodine-Consumer/

Magnesium is a mineral that's crucial to the body's function. Magnesium helps keep blood pressure normal, bones strong, and the heart rhythm steady.

https://www.webmd.com/diet/supplement-guide-magnesium#1

Zinc is found in cells throughout the body. It helps the immune system fight off invading bacteria and viruses. The body also needs zinc to make proteins and DNA, the genetic material in all cells. During pregnancy, infancy, and childhood, the body needs zinc to grow and develop properly. Zinc also helps wounds heal and is important for proper senses of taste and smell.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-Consumer/

Selenium is a nutrient that the body needs to stay healthy. Selenium is important for reproduction, thyroid gland function, DNA production, and protecting the body from damage caused by free radicals and from infection.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/selenium-consumer/

Your body uses manganese to make energy and protect your cells from damage. Your body also needs manganese for strong bones, reproduction, blood clotting, and a healthy immune system.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Manganese-Consumer/

Chromium is an essential trace mineral that can improve insulin sensitivity and enhance protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism.

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/288177

Your body uses molybdenum to process proteins and genetic material like DNA. Molybdenum also helps break down drugs and toxic substances that enter the body.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Molybdenum-Consumer/

Potassium. Essential for life, potassium helps maintain normal blood pressure and keeps your heart and kidneys working normally. Potassium is found in bananas, nuts, potatoes, dairy, and other foods. Adults should aim for 4,700 milligrams of potassium daily.

WebMD, https://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/definitions-glossary

Pumpkin seeds are highly nutritious and packed with powerful antioxidants. Eating them can help solve dietary deficiencies and may protect against various health problems.

In fact, pumpkin seeds have been shown to improve heart health, blood sugar levels, fertility and sleep quality. They may even protect against certain types of cancer.

In addition, their rich nutrient content may provide other health benefits, such as improved energy, mood and immune function.

https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/11-benefits-of-pumpkin-seeds#TOC_TITLE_HDR_13

Saw palmetto is a species of palm used to produce a supplement that's packed with health benefits. Promising research shows that saw palmetto may help increase testosterone levels, improve prostate health, reduce inflammation, prevent hair loss, and enhance urinary tract function.

https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/saw-palmetto-benefits

Acetyl-L-carnitine is a form of L-carnitine, an amino acid that is found in nearly all cells of the body. L-carnitine plays a critical role in the production of energy from long-chain fatty acids. In addition, it increases the activity of certain nerve cells in the central nervous system.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-sclerosis/expert-answers/acetyl-l-carnitine/faq-20057801

Cysteine is a semi-essential amino acid. It's considered semi-essential because your body can produce it from other amino acids, namely methionine and serine. It becomes essential only when the dietary intake of methionine and serine is low.

Cysteine is found in most high-protein foods, such as chicken, turkey, yogurt, cheese, eggs, sunflower seeds and legumes.

N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is a supplement form of cysteine.

Consuming adequate cysteine and NAC is important for a variety of health reasons - including replenishing the most powerful antioxidant in your body, glutathione. These amino acids also help with chronic respiratory conditions, fertility and brain health.

https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/nac-benefits

Though often referred to as vitamin B8, inositol is not a vitamin at all but rather a type of sugar with several important functions. Inositol plays a structural role in your body as a major component of cell membranes. It also influences the action of insulin, a hormone essential for blood sugar control. In addition, it affects chemical messengers in your brain, such as serotonin and dopamine). It has been estimated that a typical diet in the US contains around 1 gram of inositol per day. Rich sources include grains, beans, nuts and fresh fruits and vegetables.

https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/inositol

Glycine is an amino acid with many impressive health benefits. Your body needs glycine to make important compounds, such as glutathione, creatine and collagen. This amino acid may also protect your liver from alcohol-induced damage and improve sleep quality and heart health. What's more, glycine may also benefit people with type 2 diabetes and protect against muscle loss that occurs with muscle-wasting conditions.

https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/glycine

Taurine is an amino sulfonic acid that occurs naturally in your body. It is particularly concentrated in your brain, eyes, heart and muscles.

Taurine is classified as a conditionally essential amino acid. It serves various important functions in your body.

L Taurine is the L isomer of the taurine molecule. There are two stereoisomers as L Taurine and D taurine. Among them, the most abundant and most important form is the L isomer.

https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/what-is-taurine#what-it-is

https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-taurine-and-l-taurine/

Tribulus has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine, as well as in ayurveda to enhance athletic performance or increase libido. Tribulus is also said to raise your levels of certain hormones, including testosterone and estrogen, and is found in supplements claiming to increase testosterone levels. In addition, tribulus is purported to help a variety of health issues such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, kidney stones, erectile dysfunction, sexual dysfunction, and act as a diuretic.

https://www.verywellfit.com/tribulus-benefits-uses-tips-and-more-89589

Glutamic acid is an amino acid used to form proteins. In the body it turns into glutamate. This is a chemical that helps nerve cells in the brain send and receive information from other cells. It may be involved in learning and memory. It may help people with hypochlorhydria (low stomach acid) or achlorhydria (no stomach acid).

https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=19&contentid=GlutamicAcid

Alanine is an amino acid that is used to make proteins. It is used to break down tryptophan and vitamin B-6. It is a source of energy for muscles and the central nervous system. It strengthens the immune system and helps the body use sugars.

https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=19&contentid=Alanine

Panax ginseng is a plant that grows in Korea, China, and Siberia. It's considered an adaptogen, which are natural substances that are believed to stimulate the body's resistance to stressors. Panax ginseng contains many active chemicals. The most important are called ginsenosides or panaxosides.

https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1000/panax-ginseng

Lysine is an amino acid (a building block of protein). Unlike some other amino acids, the human body cannot make lysine, so it must be eaten in the diet. Sources of lysine include meat, fish, dairy, eggs, and some plants such as soy.

https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-237/lysine

Vitamin B10 (or vitamin Bx) is an alternative name for the organic compound PABA, a white crystalline substance. It's considered part of the vitamin B complex, although it's not a vitamin nor an essential nutrient. It's found in brewer's yeast, organ meat, mushrooms, whole grains, and spinach. Your body can also synthesize the compound using certain bacteria in your gut. PABA then assists in the production of folate (vitamin B9). Yet, the amount of folate produced is inadequate to meet your needs, so you need to obtain it from other dietary sources. PABA is thought to benefit skin and hair when taken as a supplement. It's industrially produced and sold in pill, powder, extract, and topical application form.

https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/vitamin-b-10

Rutin is a bioflavonoid, or plant pigment, that is found in certain vegetables and fruits. Apples are full of rutin. Buckwheat, most citrus, figs, and both black and green tea also contain rutin. Rutin has powerful antioxidant properties. It also helps your body produce collagen and use vitamin C.

https://www.healthline.com/health/potential-benefits-of-rutin

Hesperidin is a plant chemical that is classified as a "bioflavonoid." It is most commonly found in citrus fruits. People use it as medicine. Hesperidin, alone or in combination with other citrus bioflavonoids (such as diosmin), is most commonly used for blood vessel conditions such as hemorrhoids, varicose veins, and poor circulation (venous stasis).

https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1033/hesperidin

Quercetin is a plant pigment (flavonoid). It is found in many plants and foods, such as red wine, onions, green tea, apples, berries, Ginkgo biloba, St. John's wort, American elder, and others. Buckwheat tea has a large amount of quercetin. Quercetin may antioxidant and anti-inflammatory support.

WebMD, https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-294/quercetin

Alpha lipoic acid has an important function in the mitochondria of cells where reactions that involve dehydrogenase enzymes take place. It also seems to help prevent damage to membranes through its interaction with glutathione and ascorbic acid, and it also functions as a strong antioxidant.

The r-lipoic acid (RLA) is the natural form of the compound known as alpha lipoic acid. This is one of two enantiomers of the alpha lipoic acid compound.

http://www.differencebetween.net/science/difference-between-alpha-lipoic-acid-and-r-lipoic-acid/

Lutein is a type of organic pigment called a carotenoid. It is related to beta-carotene and vitamin A. Many people think of lutein as "the eye vitamin." Lutein is one of two major carotenoids found in the human eye (macula and retina). It is thought to function as a light filter, protecting the eye tissues from sunlight damage. Foods rich in lutein include egg yolks, spinach, kale, corn, orange pepper, kiwi fruit, grapes, zucchini, and squash.

https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-754/lutein