A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Vitamin A helps in vision, bone growth, reproduction, growth of epithelium (cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body), and fighting infections. It is fat-soluble (can dissolve in fats and oils). Vitamin A is found in liver, egg yolks, and whole milk dairy products from animals and in fish oils. It can also be made in the body from a substance found in some fruits and vegetables, such as cantaloupes, carrots, spinach, and sweet potatoes. Vitamin A is being studied in the prevention and treatment of some types of cancer. Also called retinol.

NIH National Cancer Institute, https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/vitamin-a

Thymus extract is made from the thymus glands of cows, typically calves. It can also be synthetically produced.

Note that there is a difference between thymus extract and extract from Thymus serpyllum. The latter comes from the thyme plant, and not cows.

Since the thymus gland is an important part of the immune system in both animals and people, some people think thymus extract has medicinal benefits. They believe that consuming it can boost your immune system, helping you fight off various diseases.

https://www.healthline.com/health/9-things-to-know-thymus-extract

Vitamin D is a nutrient you need for good health. It helps your body absorb calcium, one of the main building blocks for strong bones. Together with calcium, vitamin D helps protect you from developing osteoporosis, a disease that thins and weakens the bones and makes them more likely to break. Your body needs vitamin D for other functions too. Your muscles need it to move, and your nerves need it to carry messages between your brain and your body. Your immune system needs vitamin D to fight off invading bacteria and viruses.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-Consumer/

Vitamin E is a nutrient that's important to vision, reproduction, and the health of your blood, brain and skin. Vitamin E also has antioxidant properties. Antioxidants are substances that might protect your cells against the effects of free radicals - molecules produced when your body breaks down food or is exposed to tobacco smoke and radiation. Free radicals might play a role in heart disease, cancer and other diseases. If you take vitamin E for its antioxidant properties, keep in mind that the supplement might not offer the same benefits as naturally occurring antioxidants in food.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements-vitamin-e/art-20364144

Vitamin K plays an essential role in blood clotting, heart health and bone health.

Vitamin K was initially discovered as a nutrient involved in blood clotting. There are two forms: K1 (found in plant foods) and K2 (found in animal and fermented foods).

https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/vitamin-k2#functions

Vitamin B1, thiamin, or thiamine, enables the body to use carbohydrates as energy. It is essential for glucose metabolism, and it plays a key role in nerve, muscle, and heart function.

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/219545

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Riboflavin (also called vitamin B₂) is important for the growth, development, and function of the cells in your body. It also helps turn the food you eat into the energy you need.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Riboflavin-Consumer/

Niacin (also called vitamin B3) helps turn the food you eat into the energy you need. Niacin is important for the development and function of the cells in your body.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Niacin-Consumer/

Vitamin B6 is a vitamin that is naturally present in many foods. The body needs vitamin B6 for more than 100 enzyme reactions involved in metabolism. Vitamin B6 is also involved in brain development during pregnancy and infancy as well as immune function.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB6-Consumer/

Folate is a B-vitamin that is naturally present in many foods. Your body needs folate to make DNA and other genetic material. Your body also needs folate for your cells to divide. A form of folate, called folic acid, is used in fortified foods and most dietary supplements.

Vitamin B₁₂ is a nutrient that helps keep your body's blood and nerve cells healthy and helps make DNA, the genetic material in all of your cells. Vitamin B₁₂ also helps prevent megaloblastic anemia, a blood condition that makes people tired and weak.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-Consumer/

Biotin is a B-vitamin found in many foods. Biotin helps turn the carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the food you eat into the energy you need.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Biotin-Consumer/

Pantothenic acid (also called vitamin B₅) helps turn the food you eat into the energy you need. It's important for many functions in the body, especially making and breaking down fats.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/PantothenicAcid-Consumer/

Choline is a nutrient that is found in many foods. Your brain and nervous system need it to regulate memory, mood, muscle control, and other functions. You also need choline to form the membranes that surround your body's cells. You can make a small amount of choline in your liver, but most of the choline in your body comes from the food you eat.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Choline-Consumer/

Calcium is a mineral found in many foods. The body needs calcium to maintain strong bones and to carry out many important functions. Almost all calcium is stored in bones and teeth, where it supports their structure and hardness.

National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements

Iodine is a mineral found in some foods. The body needs iodine to make thyroid hormones. These hormones control the body's metabolism and many other important functions. The body also needs thyroid hormones for proper bone and brain development during pregnancy and infancy. Getting enough iodine is important for everyone, especially infants and women who are pregnant.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iodine-Consumer/

Magnesium is a mineral that's crucial to the body's function. Magnesium helps keep blood pressure normal, bones strong, and the heart rhythm steady.

https://www.webmd.com/diet/supplement-guide-magnesium#1

Zinc is found in cells throughout the body. It helps the immune system fight off invading bacteria and viruses. The body also needs zinc to make proteins and DNA, the genetic material in all cells. During pregnancy, infancy, and childhood, the body needs zinc to grow and develop properly. Zinc also helps wounds heal and is important for proper senses of taste and smell.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-Consumer/

Selenium is a nutrient that the body needs to stay healthy. Selenium is important for reproduction, thyroid gland function, DNA production, and protecting the body from damage caused by free radicals and from infection.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/selenium-consumer/

Your body uses copper to carry out many important functions, including making energy, connective tissues, and blood vessels. Copper also helps maintain the nervous and immune systems, and activates genes. Your body also needs copper for brain development.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Copper-Consumer/

Your body uses manganese to make energy and protect your cells from damage. Your body also needs manganese for strong bones, reproduction, blood clotting, and a healthy immune system.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Manganese-Consumer/

Chromium is an essential trace mineral that can improve insulin sensitivity and enhance protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism.

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/288177

Your body uses molybdenum to process proteins and genetic material like DNA. Molybdenum also helps break down drugs and toxic substances that enter the body.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Molybdenum-Consumer/

Potassium. Essential for life, potassium helps maintain normal blood pressure and keeps your heart and kidneys working normally. Potassium is found in bananas, nuts, potatoes, dairy, and other foods. Adults should aim for 4,700 milligrams of potassium daily.

WebMD, https://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/definitions-glossary

Alpha-lipoic acid is an antioxidant that is made naturally in the body and also found in foods. It is used to break down carbohydrates and to make energy.

https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-767/alpha-lipoic-acid

Though often referred to as vitamin B8, inositol is not a vitamin at all but rather a type of sugar with several important functions. Inositol plays a structural role in your body as a major component of cell membranes. It also influences the action of insulin, a hormone essential for blood sugar control. In addition, it affects chemical messengers in your brain, such as serotonin and dopamine). It has been estimated that a typical diet in the US contains around 1 gram of inositol per day. Rich sources include grains, beans, nuts and fresh fruits and vegetables.

https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/inositol

Vitamin B10 (or vitamin Bx) is an alternative name for the organic compound PABA, a white crystalline substance. It's considered part of the vitamin B complex, although it's not a vitamin nor an essential nutrient. It's found in brewer's yeast, organ meat, mushrooms, whole grains, and spinach. Your body can also synthesize the compound using certain bacteria in your gut. PABA then assists in the production of folate (vitamin B9). Yet, the amount of folate produced is inadequate to meet your needs, so you need to obtain it from other dietary sources. PABA is thought to benefit skin and hair when taken as a supplement. It's industrially produced and sold in pill, powder, extract, and topical application form.

https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/vitamin-b-10

Tocopherols are a family of compounds that together make up different forms of vitamin E. When you buy a supplement that's advertised as "mixed tocopherols," you're purchasing a mixture of several different types of vitamin E. There are eight naturally occurring forms of vitamin E, including four tocopherols: alpha-tocopherol, beta-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, and delta-tocopherol. Each has a slightly different chemical structure. These tocopherols often are combined in supplements with tocotrienols, similar vitamin E compounds that also come in alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta- forms. Mixed tocopherols are found in oils (including olive oil, sunflower oil, and soybean oil), nuts, seeds, and in some leafy green vegetables, such as spinach.

https://www.verywellfit.com/mixed-tocopherols-benefits-side-effects-dosage-and-interactions-4693629

Vanadium is a trace metal found in certain foods and beverages including water (in very small amounts). Vanadium is also sold in dietary supplement form.

https://www.verywellhealth.com/the-benefits-of-vanadium-89524