When people talk about the calories in food, what do they mean? A calorie is a unit of measurement—but it doesn't measure weight or length. A calorie is a unit of energy. When you hear something contains 100 calories, it's a way of describing how much energy your body could get from eating or drinking it.

KidsHealth from Nemours, https://kidshealth.org/en/kids/calorie.html ×

This number on a food label indicates how much fat is in a single serving of a food. Limit total fat to less than 25% to 35% percent of the calories you consume each day. All fats have 9 calories per gram.

WebMD, https://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/definitions-glossary

Polyunsaturated fat is a type of dietary fat. It is one of the healthy fats, along with monounsaturated fat. Polyunsaturated fat is found in plant and animal foods, such as salmon, vegetable oils, and some nuts and seeds.

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000747.htm

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble nutrient found in some foods. In the body, it acts as an antioxidant, helping to protect cells from the damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are compounds formed when our bodies convert the food we eat into energy. People are also exposed to free radicals in the environment from cigarette smoke, air pollution, and ultraviolet light from the sun.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-Consumer/

Vitamin D is a nutrient you need for good health. It helps your body absorb calcium, one of the main building blocks for strong bones. Together with calcium, vitamin D helps protect you from developing osteoporosis, a disease that thins and weakens the bones and makes them more likely to break. Your body needs vitamin D for other functions too. Your muscles need it to move, and your nerves need it to carry messages between your brain and your body. Your immune system needs vitamin D to fight off invading bacteria and viruses.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-Consumer/

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is one of several omega-3 fatty acids. It is found in cold-water fatty fish, such as salmon. It is also found in fish oil supplements, along with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Omega-3 fatty acids are part of a healthy diet that helps lower risk of heart disease. Getting more EPA in your diet has positive effects on coronary heart disease, high triglycerides (fats in the blood), high blood pressure, and inflammation.

https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/supplement/eicosapentaenoic-acid-epa

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid that is found along with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in cold-water fish, including tuna and salmon. DHA plays a key role in the development of eye and nerve tissues. DHA might also reduce the risk of heart and circulatory disease by decreasing the thickness of the blood, reducing swelling (inflammation), and lowering blood levels of triglycerides.

https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-864/docosahexaenoic-acid-dha

Whole broccoli sprouts or broccoli sprout extracts are used as medicine. Broccoli sprout is taken by mouth for prostate cancer, schizophrenia, high cholesterol, allergy, asthma, cancer, and stomach ulcers caused by the bacteria Helicobacter pylori. Broccoli sprout extract is applied to the skin to prevent sunburn.

https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1459/broccoli-sprout

Curcumin is a bright yellow chemical produced by plants of the Curcuma longa species. It is the principal curcuminoid of turmeric (Curcuma longa), a member of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. It is sold as an herbal supplement, cosmetics ingredient, food flavoring, and food coloring. Chemically, curcumin is a diarylheptanoid, belonging to the group of curcuminoids, which are phenolic pigments responsible for the yellow color of turmeric

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcumin

Boswellia, or Indian frankincense, is a resin herbal extract from the boswellia tree, which natural medicine practices have used for centuries. Its anti-inflammatory effects mean that it may help with inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and asthma.

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326599#_noHeaderPrefixedContent

Lysine is an amino acid (a building block of protein). Unlike some other amino acids, the human body cannot make lysine, so it must be eaten in the diet. Sources of lysine include meat, fish, dairy, eggs, and some plants such as soy.

https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-237/lysine

Threonine is an essential amino acid in humans (provided by food), Threonine is an important residue of many proteins, such as tooth enamel, collagen, and elastin. An important amino acid for the nervous system, threonine also plays an important role in porphyrin and fat metabolism and prevents fat buildup in the liver. Useful with intestinal disorders and indigestion, threonine has also been used to alleviate anxiety and mild depression.

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/l-Threonine

Bromelain is a protein-digesting enzyme mixture derived from the stem, fruit, and juice of the pineapple plant. It has a centuries-long history of being used to treat medical ailments, primarily throughout Central and South America.

https://www.healthline.com/health/bromelain

Bilberry contains chemicals called tannins that can help improve diarrhea, as well as mouth and throat irritation, by reducing swelling (inflammation). There is some evidence that the chemicals found in bilberry leaves can help lower blood sugar and cholesterol levels. Some researchers think that chemicals called flavonoids in bilberry leaf might also improve circulation in people with diabetes. Circulation problems can harm the retina of the eye.

https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-202/bilberry

Ashwagandha, also known as Withania somnifera, winter cherry, and Indian ginseng, is a shrub that grows in India, the Middle East, and areas of Africa. The plant, including its roots and berries, has been used for thousands of years in Ayurveda, India's system of traditional medicine, but its popularity has recently spiked in the U.S.

https://www.everydayhealth.com/diet-nutrition/the-benefits-of-ashwagandha/

Rosemary is a member of the mint family Lamiaceae, along with many other herbs, such as oregano, thyme, basil, and lavender. The herb not only tastes good in culinary dishes, such as rosemary chicken and lamb, but it is also a good source of iron, calcium, and vitamin B-6.

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/266370#_noHeaderPrefixedContent

Hesperidin is a plant chemical that is classified as a "bioflavonoid." It is most commonly found in citrus fruits. People use it as medicine. Hesperidin, alone or in combination with other citrus bioflavonoids (such as diosmin), is most commonly used for blood vessel conditions such as hemorrhoids, varicose veins, and poor circulation (venous stasis).

https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1033/hesperidin

Quercetin is a plant pigment (flavonoid). It is found in many plants and foods, such as red wine, onions, green tea, apples, berries, Ginkgo biloba, St. John's wort, American elder, and others. Buckwheat tea has a large amount of quercetin. Quercetin may antioxidant and anti-inflammatory support.

WebMD, https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-294/quercetin

Rutin is a bioflavonoid, or plant pigment, that is found in certain vegetables and fruits. Apples are full of rutin. Buckwheat, most citrus, figs, and both black and green tea also contain rutin. Rutin has powerful antioxidant properties. It also helps your body produce collagen and use vitamin C.

https://www.healthline.com/health/potential-benefits-of-rutin

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a plant native to Asia. The ginger spice comes from the roots of the plant. It's used as a food flavoring and medicine. Ginger contains chemicals that might reduce nausea and swelling. These chemicals seem to work in the stomach and intestines, but they might also help the brain and nervous system to control nausea.

https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-961/ginger

L-citrulline is a substance called a non-essential amino acid. Your kidneys change L-citrulline into another amino acid called L-arginine and a chemical called nitric oxide. These compounds are important to your heart and blood vessel health. They may also boost your immune system.

https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-and-supplements/l-citrulline-uses-and-risks

Cysteine is a semi-essential amino acid. It's considered semi-essential because your body can produce it from other amino acids, namely methionine and serine. It becomes essential only when the dietary intake of methionine and serine is low.

Cysteine is found in most high-protein foods, such as chicken, turkey, yogurt, cheese, eggs, sunflower seeds and legumes.

N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is a supplement form of cysteine.

Consuming adequate cysteine and NAC is important for a variety of health reasons - including replenishing the most powerful antioxidant in your body, glutathione. These amino acids also help with chronic respiratory conditions, fertility and brain health.

https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/nac-benefits